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jacky winter
The jacky winter (''Microeca fascinans'') is a small grey-brown robin found commonly throughout Australia and also in Papua New Guinea.〔Christidis, L., Irestedt, M., Rowe, D., Boles, W. E. and Norman, J. A. 2011. (Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA phylogenies reveal a complex evolutionary history in the Australasian robin (Passeriformes: Petroicidae). ) – Mol. Phyl. Evol. 61: 726-738. (doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.08.014 )〕〔Keast, A. 1995. (Habitat loss and species loss: the birds of Sydney 50 years ago and now. ) – Aust. Zool. 30: 3-25. (doi 10.7882/AZ.1995.002 )〕〔Keast, A. 1996. (Wing shape in insectivorous passerines inhabiting New Guinea and Australian rain-forests and eucalypt forest/eucalypt woodlands. ) – Auk 113: 94-104. (ISSN: 0004-8038 )〕〔Recher, H. F., Davis, W. E. and Calver, M. C. 2002. (Comparative foraging ecology of five species of ground-pouncing birds in western Australian woodlands with comments on species decline. ) – Ornithol. Sci. 1: 29-40.〕〔Watson, J., Watson, A., Paull, D. and Freudenberger, D. 2003. (Woodland fragmentation is causing the decline of species and functional groups of birds in southeastern Australia. ) – Pac. Cons. Bio 8: 261-270. (ISSN: 1038-2097 )〕〔Wood, K. A, Thompson, N. and Ley, A. J. 2008. (Breeding Territories and Breeding Success of the Jacky Winter Microeca fasinans in South-eastern Queensland ). – Australian Field Ornithology 25: 121-131. (ISSN: 1448-0107 )〕 The jacky winter acquired its name due to rapid and strong vocalisations which sound like ''jacky-jacky winter-winter''. Their call is also often referred to as sounding like ''peter-peter-peter''.〔Keast, A. 1994. (The Annual Cycle in a Vocalisation Context: a Comparison of the Eastern Yellow Robin Eopsaltria australis and the Jacky Winter Microeca leucophaea. ) – Emu 94: 230-238. (doi:10.1071/MU9940230 )〕 Its habitats include open woodlands and farmlands.〔
== Taxonomy and distribution ==
The jacky winter belongs to the family of Australasian robins and flycatchers; ''Petroicidae''. This genus includes around 45 species in around 13 genera that are all endemic to Australasia.〔Loynes, K., Joesph, L. and Keogh, J. S. 2009. (Multi-locus phylogeny clarifies the systematics of the Australo-Papuan robins (Family Petroicidae, Passeriformes) ). – Mol. Phyl. Evol. 53: 212-219. (doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.012 )〕 The family ''Petroicidae'' evolved in a similar way to the Australo-Papuan warblers (''Acanthizidae''). This family evolved in isolation, away from similar families (''Parulidae'' and ''Sylviidae''), to fill an ecological niche which was already being used in other continents such as Central America/South America and Asia respectively.〔Ericson, p. G. P., Irestedt, M. and Johansson, U.S. 2003. (Evolution, biogeography, and patters of diversification in passerine birds ). – J. Avian. Biol. 34: 3-15. (doi: 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03121.x )〕 ''Petroicidae'' evolved to fill an ecological niche in the Australo-Papuan area which was already being used by New World flycatchers (''Tyrannidae'') in North America and South America and Old World flycatchers (''Muscicapidae'') in Europe, Africa and Asia. This type of evolution is an example of convergent evolution.〔〔Sangster, G., Alstrom, P., Forsmark, E. and Olsson, U. 2010. (Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves Muscicapidae) ) – Mol. Phyl. Evol. 57: 380-392. (doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 )〕
There are three races of jacky winter found in Australia; ''Microeca fascinans fasinans'' (''leucophaea'') is the most familiar race and found in parts of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. There is also ''Microeca fascinans assimilis'' which is found in South Australia and Western Australia and ''Mircoeca fascinans pallida'' which is found in Western and North Queensland, Northern Territory and North Western Australia.〔〔Reid, J. R. W. and Gillen, J. S. 2013. (Riparian bird assembladges of Cooper Creek, South Australia ). – South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board.〕''The Microeca fascinans zimmeri'' is a sub species of jacky winter found in Papua New Guinea 〔Bell, H. L. 2008. (Abundance and seasonality of the savannah avifauna at Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea ). – Ibis 124: 252-274. (doi: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1982.tb03772.x )〕
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